JALAUDDIN RUMI
BIOGRAPHY
By Muhammad Musa Pradana
Mewlana Rum iHe is Mewlana Jalaluddin Rumi who
was born in Afghanistan 1207. His birthplace andnative language both indicate a
Persian heritage. He lived most of his life under the Sultanate of Rum, where
he produced his works and died in 1273 AD. A Persian literary renaissance (in
the8th/9th century) started in regions of Sistan,Khorasanand Transoxianaand by
the 10th/11thcentury, it reinforced thePersian languageas the preferred
literary and cultural language in thePersian Islamic world.
Rumi's importance is considered to transcend
national and ethnic borders.His original works are widely read in their
original language across the Persian-speaking world.Translations of his works
are very popular in other countries. His poetry has influenced Persian
literatureas well as Urdu,Punjabiand other Pakistani languages written in
Perso/Arabic scripte.g.PashtoandSindhi. His poems have been widely translated
into many of the world's languages and transposed into various formats. In
2007, he was described as the "most popular poet in America.
Rumi's works are written in Persian and his
Mathnawi remains one of the purest literary glories of Persia, and one of the
crowning glories of the Persian language.His original works are widely read
today in their original language across the Persian-speaking world (Iran,
Tajikistan, Afghanistan and parts of Persian speaking Central Asia and the
Caucasus) Translations of his works are very popular, most notably in Turkey,
Azerbaijan, the United States and South Asia. His poetry has influenced Persian
literature as well as Turkish, Punjabi, Urdu and some other Iranian, Turkic and
Indic languages written in Perso-Arabic script e.g. Pashto, Ottoman Turkish,
Chagatai and Sindhi.
He
is widely known by the sobriquet Mawlānā/Molānā (Persian: مولانا Persian
pronunciation [moulɒːnɒː]) in Iran and popularly known as Mevlânâ in Turkey
(also, Turkish: Celâleddin Muhammed Belhi, Celâleddin Muhammed Rûmi, and
Mevlevi in Modern Turkish). According to the authoritative Rumi biographer
Franklin Lewis of the University of Chicago, "the Anatolian peninsula
which had belonged to the Byzantine, or eastern Roman empire, had only
relatively recently been conquered by Muslims and even when it came to be
controlled by Turkish Muslim rulers, it was still known to Arabs, Persians and
Turks as the geographical area of Rum.
As
such, there are a number of historical person ages born in or
associated with Anatolia known as Rumi, a word borrowed from Arabic literally
meaning “Roman,” in which context Roman refers to subjects of the Byzantine
Empire or simply to people living in or things associated with Anatolia. In
Muslim countries, therefore, Jalal al-Din is not generally known as
"Rumi". The terms Mawlavi (Persian) and Mevlevi (Turkish) which mean
"having to do with the master" are more often used for him.
The
Masnavi weaves fables, scenes from everyday life, Qur'anic revelations and
exegesis, and metaphysics into a vast and intricate tapestry. In the East, it
is said of him that he was "not a prophet — but surely, he has brought a
scripture.
Rumi
believed passionately in the use of music, poetry and dance as a path for
reaching God. For Rumi, music helped devotees to focus their whole being on the
divine and to do this so intensely that the soul was both destroyed and
resurrected. It was from these ideas that the practice of whirling Dervishes
developed into a ritual form. His teachings became the base for the order of
the Mevlevi which his son Sultan Walad organized. Rumi encouraged Sama,
listening to music and turning or doing the sacred dance.
In
the Mevlevi tradition, samāʿ represents a mystical journey of spiritual ascent
through mind and love to the Perfect One. In this journey, the seeker
symbolically turns towards the truth, grows through love, abandons the ego,
finds the truth and arrives at the Perfect. The seeker then returns from this
spiritual journey, with greater maturity, to love and to be of service to the
whole of creation without discrimination with regard to beliefs, races, classes
and nations.
Rumi
was an evolutionary thinker in the sense that he believed that the spirit after
devolution from the divine Ego undergoes an evolutionary process by which it
comes nearer and nearer to the same divine Ego. All matter in the universe
obeys this law and this movement is due to an inbuilt urge which Rumi calls
"love" to evolve and seek enjoinment with the divinity from which it
has emerged. Evolution into a human being from an animal is only one stage in
this process. The doctrine of the Fall of Adam is reinterpreted as the
devolution of the Ego from the universal ground of divinity and is a universal,
cosmic phenomenon.
The
French philosopher Henri Bergson's idea of life being creative and evolutionary
is similar, though unlike Bergson, Rumi believes that there is a specific goal
to the process: the attainment of God. For Rumi, God is the ground as well as
the goal of all existence.
However
Rumi need not be considered a biological evolutionary creationist. In view of
the fact that Rumi lived hundreds of years before Darwin, and was least
interested in scientific theories, it is probable to conclude that he does not
deal with biological evolution at all. Rather he is concerned with the
spiritual evolution of a human being: Man not conscious of God is akin to an
animal and true consciousness makes him divine. Nicholson has seen this as a
Neo-Platonic doctrine: the universal soul working through the various spheres
of being, a doctrine introduced into Islam by Muslim philosophers like Al
Farabi and being related at the same time to Ibn Sina's idea of love as the
magnetically working power by which life is driven into an upward trend.
A MOMENT OF HAPPINESS
A
moment of happiness
You
and I sitting on the verandah
Apparently
two, but one in soul, you and I.
We
feel flowing water of life here,
You
and I, with the garden’s beauty
And
the birds singing.
The
stars will be watching us,
And
we will show them
What
it is to be a thin crescent moon.
You
and I unselfed, will be together,
Indifferent
to indle speculation, You and I.
The
parrots of heaven will be cracking sugar
As
we laugh together, You and I.
In
one upon from this earth,
And
in another form in a timeless sweet land.
In Afghanistan, Rumi is known
as Mawlānā, in Turkey as Mevlâna, and in Iran as Molavī.
At
the proposal of the Permanent Delegations of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, and
as approved by its Executive Board and General Conference in conformity with
its mission of “constructing in the minds of men the defences of peace”, UNESCO
was associated with the celebration, in 2007, of the eight hundredth anniversary
of Rumi's birth.
The
commemoration at UNESCO itself took place on 6 September 2007 UNESCO issued a
medal in Rumi's name in the hope that it would prove an encouragement to those
who are engaged in research on and dissemination of Rumi's ideas and ideals,
which would, in turn, enhance the diffusion of the ideals of UNESCO.
The
Afghan Ministry of Culture and Youth established a national committee which
organized an international seminar to celebrate the birth and life of the great
ethical philosopher and world-renowned poet. This grand gathering of the
intellectuals, diplomats, and followers of Mewlana was held in Kabul and in
Balkh, the Mewlana's place of birth.
On
30 September 2007, Iranian school bells were rung throughout the country in
honor of Mewlana. Also in that year, Iran held a Rumi Week from 26 October to 2
November. An international ceremony and conference were held in Tehran; the
event was opened by the Iranian president and the chairman of the Iranian
parliament. Scholars from twenty-nine countries attended the events, and 450
articles were presented at the conference.
Iranian
musician Shahram Nazeri was awarded the Légion d'honneur and Iran's House of Music
Award in 2007 for his renowned works on Rumi masterpieces. 2007 was declared as
the "International Rumi Year" by UNESCO.
Also
on 30 September 2007, Turkey celebrated Rumi’s eight-hundredth birthday with a
giant Whirling Dervish ritual performance of the samāʿ, which was televised
using forty-eight cameras and broadcast live in eight countries. Ertugrul
Gunay, of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, stated, "Three hundred
dervishes are scheduled to take part in this ritual, making it the largest performance
of sama in history.
Mawlana Rumi Review
The
"Mawlana Rumi Review” is published annually by The Centre for Persian and
Iranian Studies at the University of Exeter in collaboration with The Rumi
Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus, and Archetype Books, Cambridge.The first volume was
published in 2010 and it has come out annually since then. According to the
principal editor of the journal, Leonard Lewisohn: "Although a number of
major Islamic poets easily rival the likes of Dante, Shakespeare and Milton in importance
and output, they still enjoy only a marginal literary fame in the West because
the works of Arabic and Persian thinkers, writers and poets are considered as
negligible, frivolous, tawdry sideshows beside the grand narrative of the
Western Canon. It is the aim of the Mawlana Rumi Review to redress this
carelessly inattentive approach to world literature, which is something far
more serious than a minor faux pas committed by the Western literary
imagination.
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